Monday, March 21, 2011

Life's a drama: Teleserye in the Philippines





GMA. ABS-CBN. TV 5. These are the main players in the television industry. They may have different kinds of shows, varied types of actors and actresses, but one main thing that they have in common is their target market, which is the masses, and the means that they target the market, which is most often done through the teleseryes and noon-time shows.

But in this aspect, I would like to focus on the addicting teleseryes that we all grew up watching. When I was in grade school, I would often watch the prime time teleseryes. Back then, the most loved teleseryes were Pangako Sa’Yo and Mula sa Puso. I can distinctly remember the plot and the love teams until now! The immense power of television is simply amazing. In a way, they dictate our lives. For instance, since the teleseryes are on prime time (7-9pm), the people wouldn’t do anything but watch during those hours. Back when my family was addicted to soap operas, we would eat at around 6pm. Sakto, we’ll finish at around 6:30. 6:30-7pm was “fix everything” time.  And when it is 7:00 sharp, we would go to the sala and watch our favorite soap operas. This occurrence can be analyzed through Marxist lens. In class, we talked about the culture industry and how culture can be commodified. In this case, the culture industries are the prominent players in television, GMA, ABS-CBN AND TV 5, which manipulate the consciousness of the people. The teleseryes serve as “the ephemeral narcotic that diverts people’s attention from their real problems and idealizes the present by making the experience of its representation pleasurable” (Marcuse).  Instead of doing other productive things, the people are glued to the television because they find the shows interesting and entertaining. The television can be their sweet escape from their chaotic realities.

In another point of view, the talk can be analyzed in the feminist perspective. As mentioned in the talk, the television is the king, the soap opera is the queen and the wife or “Misis” in Filipino is the lead character or “bida”. The television is the king because it is powerful. It caters to the people in a sense that it is free, affordable and accessible. The soap opera is the queen because it is the means by which the people are glued to the television. These shows are mostly about love and romance. It has a formula of serial + cliffhanger= stickiness. Lastly, bida si misis in the sense that these soaps target the women. Women seem to be fond of watching romance rather than the men. Moreover, as the one who takes care of the household, the women are mostly in command when it comes to matters that concern the house. Kumbaga kung sa pamilya na bilang sa class D and E, kung ang mga tatay ay nagtratrabaho, usually ang mga nanay ang nagaasikaso ng kanyang pamilya at mga gawaing bahay. It is the wife who usually wakes up early in the morning, prepares the food and does household chores (e.g. laundry, iron the clothes etc). If she is to help her husband, it would usually be in a form of paluto or carinderia. And as she takes care of his husband and her children, the only “break” that she has is when she watches the soap operas. In a way, she is empowered by watching those teleseryes. No one can deprive her of watching these soaps because she has done her fair share of work in the house. She is the one who dictates the  soap operas that the family can watch. But in a way, these women are part of the manipulation of the culture industry, as exemplified by a manly character such as the king. So in the bigger picture, the society is still patriarchal and the women are just the bidas to some extent. 

Saturday, March 12, 2011

Critical Commentary 3: Indigenous Filipino Theories


Dahil ang pangatlong commentary ay tungkol sa mga katutubong narratibo o indigenous narratives, sa aking palagay, nararapat na ako ay magsulat ng aking mga pananaw at pagninilaynilay sa wikang aking kinagisinan, ang wikang Filipino.

Nakakatawang isipin na dapat ako ay “pilitin” magsulat sa wikang Filipino subalit ito nga naman dapat ang ating gamit pansulat at pansalita. Bakit nga ba ganito ang takbo ng pagiisip ng mga Pilipino? Bakit natin pinangununahan magsalita at magsulat ng Ingles at binebalewala ang ating sariling wika? Minsan nga, naiisip ko kung bakit nagiging “automatic” na sa akin magsalita ng Ingles pero pagdating na wikang Filipino ay nagdadalawang isip pa kung pwede o hindi. Pero naisip ko rin na  ang “medium of instruction” kasi ay Ingles kaya siguro ganyan. Ngunit bakit may ibang taong nagpupumilit magsalita ng Ingles kahit hindi naman angkop. Mas gusto pa nila magsalita ng barok na Ingles o “spokening dollar”, para lang matawag na sosyal. Bakit naging ganito ang bunga? Sa aking palagay, ang itong pangyayaring ito ay sumasalamin sa ating pagtalikod, hindi lang sa ating wika, ngunit sa ating pagkaPilipino na rin. Dapat aalahanin na hindi porket ideya ng banyaga ay magaling na. Meron tayong mga kakahayan na dapat lang ipagmayabang. Ngunit bago tayo dumating sa punton iyon, dapat muna natin intindihin ang kontekso ng ating pagkabuo bilang mga Pilipino. Nararapat nating balikan ang ating kasaysayan at tignan ang mga katutubong mga narratibo.

Ang mga katutuboong  mga narratibo na ito ay ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pilipinohiya at Pantayong Pananaw, lahat sila ay para sa indigenization o ang pagtangkilik at pagtanaw ng malaking respeto sa ating kultura. Ayon sa tatlong pananaw na mga ito, nagingibabaw dapat ang ating pagkaPilipino. Pero gaya ng iba’t ibang narratibo, sila ay may mga pagkakaiba rin  at iba iba ang focus.

Sabi nga sa ating klase, ang gusto ng sikilohiyang Pilipino ay ma-“debunk the Western psychology’s claim to universal application”. Dapat tayong maging kritikal sa mga inihahain na mga ideya nila sa atin. Hindi lang dapat tayo tanggap lang ng tanggap dahil sila ay itinuturi nating mas “may alam”. Hindi naman dapat tayo galit sa pagtuturo ng mga Western na pagiisip, marapat lang na matututo tayong suriin ang pwede natin ma-adapt sa ating kultura. Pero sa huli, ang pagkakaron ng nasyonalismo ay ang dapat mangibabaw.

Naalala ko tuloy an gaming diskusyon sa aking Hecusoc na klase. Aming tinalakay ang Complementary and Alternative health medicine vs. Biomedicine”. Ang Complementary and Alternative health medicine ay ang mga nakasanayan na nating pangagamot tulad ng herbal medicine, and traditional healing techniques tulad ng “hilot” at ventusa. Kasama dito ang mga  mangtatawas, faith healers, and folkloric therapies (tawas, tapal, lunas, kudlit) with its varied prayer-form ingredients (bulong, orasyon).  Ang biomedicine naman ay uri ng pangagamot na galing sa West. Dahil sa pagusbong ng teknolohiya, urbanidad, at impluwensya ng Kanluraning pagiisip, mas tinangkilik natin ang biomedicine. Naging mas gusto ng mga tao na magconsulta sa mga doktor na may siyentipikong kaalaman kaysa sa ating mga nakasanayan. Ayon nga sa aming pagsusuri, “Biomedicine  often requires  patients  to alter  customary  behavior  such  as diet, work,  or  drinking  habits,  as well as  to alter  profound  notions  of their  bodies.  It does not, however, attempt to transform the circumstances of a patient’s life in the way sacred healers do.  Spiritualist  healing, on the other hand, can gradually transform  the person's  existence by incorporating  him or her,  and  sometimes  the entire  family,  into a religious  community” Dahil dito, ang buong pagkatao ang napapagaling sa mga complementary at alternative medicine kaysa sa pag-alis lang ng sakit ng biomedicine. Pero kahit na may malaking pagkakaiba ang dalawang ito, dapat parin natin isipin na hindi lang ang West ang marunong magpagamot ng tao kaya hindi natin dapat kalimutan tangkilikin ang sinauna nating paaran ng pagagamot.

Malaban dito, natalakay sa atin ang identity ng mga Pilipino sa pananaw ng mga banyaga. Ayon sa kanila, ang mga values na ito ay pagtanaw ng utang na loob, pakikisama at hiya. Meron pa din mga negatibong kinaugalian tulad ng mamaya na, bahala na, ningas cogon at crab mentality. Naalala ko na naman ang sikat na artikulo ni James Fallows na “ A Damaged Culture”, sabi dito ay may mga kaugalian ang mga Pilipino na hindi maganda, gaya ng nagbangggit kanina, na ang dahilan kaya hindi umuusad ang Pilipinas. Noong nabasa ko ito, naisip ko, “Uy teka, baka hindi naman alam nitong “ibang taong” ito ang kanyang sinasabi”. Masama sa unang tingin ang mga ito, ngunit ito maari rin naman gamitin sa mabuting paraan. Maliban dito, nasabi sa amin sa isang klase na ang Philippine bureaucracy ay meron kultura ng accommodation, pakikisama, familism, at personalism. Ang ibig sabihin ng mga ito ay sa halip na ang batas ang maghari, nagkakaron ng mga exceptions sa batas. Halimbawa, ang mga kapamilya ang inuuna sa halip na dapat ay pantay-pantay lang. Dito rin pumapasok ang loyalty sa pamilya na kahit mali na, ipinagtatanggol parin. At ang panghuli ay ang pakikisama bilang  sistema ng palakasan. So ngayon ano ba talaga? Sa aking palagay, ang mga values na ito ay hindi naman masama. Nababansagan lamang itong masama kung naaabuso  kung hindi mabuti ang intensyon sa paggamit ng mga values na ito. Ang mabuting hangarin naman nito ay mangigibabaw yung ito talaga ang intensyon. Tulad ng aking naransan noong ako ay nasa Zambales, kasama ang mga local na Zambalenyo. Kahit ako ay isang “Ibang Tao” o outsider, itinuri parin nila akong kaibigan nila at na-welcome naman ako. Ito ay dahil ako ay nakisama, nakibagay, nakilahok at mabuti naman ang pakitungo ko sa kanila.

Ang Pilipinohiya naman ay ang pagaral ng pagiging Pilipino at ang mga iba’t ibang klase ng pagiging Pilipino. Gamit ang kultura, inihahalintulad nito ang mga iba-ibang pagiisip ng mga Pilipino. Sa narratibong ito, naisip ko na iba iba ang pagpapahiwatig ng ating pagmamahal sa ating bayan. Merong iba na talagang ginagamit ang sariling wika para magpahiwatig ng kanilang pagiging Pilipino. Meron naming ibang tao na tinatangkilik ang mga Pilipinong mga produkto. May iba na ipinikikita ang pagmamahal sa bansa sa pagpromote ng turismo ng bayan. Madaming uri ng pagpapakita ng pagkaPilipino, ngunit gaano man sila kaiba, iisa parin ang layunin nila. Ito ay ang ipagmalaki na tayo ay Pililipno na dapat magkaron ng nasyonalistikong pananaw. Maliban dito, tulad ng aking mga nabanggit kanina, dapat tayo ay maging sensitibo sa paghiram ng mga Western constructs dahil may mga katangian tayo na tayo lang ang meron. Hindi mareresolba ng pagkopya ng mga Western na modelo dahil iba ang kultura at mga problemang ating hinaharap. Halimbawa, ang ating sistema ay base sa modelo ng pamamalakad ng bansa. Ang demokrasya ay hango sa kanilang demokrasya na ito daw ay ang itinuturing “best form of government” na may kalayaan, hustisya at karapatan. Ito ay masarap pakinggan ngunit alalahanin natin kung pano nila tayo inakit sa ideyang ito. Hindi naman ako laban sa demokrasya, pero sinasabi ko lang na dahil sa hindi pagtugma ng kultura at modelo, may crisis na nagyayari. Ayon nga kay Mouffe, merong krisis ng demokrasya sa mga Third World na mga bansa dahil sa pagkaroon ng “power play” at “antagonistic pluralism”. Maliban dito, kung si James Fallows ay nasuri sa Pilipinas; sa Pilipinohiya snaman, tayo tayong mga Pilipino ang gagagawa n gating pagsusuri sa ating sarili. Tayo kasi ang nakakakilala sa kapwa nating mga Pilipino.

Ang panghuling katutubong narratibo ay ang Pantayong pananaw.  Dito sa narratibong ito, binibigyang halaga ang paggawa ang sariling nating “national” diskurso na kung saan ang ating nation ay gagawa ng isang “kabuuan” ng pagintindi nating kasaysayan para tayo ay umusad ng sama-sama. Pumapasok dito ang kahalagahan ng salitang “tayo” na ibig sabihin ay kinakausap natin ang kapwa Pilipino. Parang ang “tayo” ay ang madaming “I” na kailangan i-assert ang sarili. Ang ating “other” ay ang West. Dapat i-acknowledge natin na may “Other” nga ngunit hindi para gayahin ito pero para i-tama ang mga kamalian. Dagdag pa rito, hindi dapat makialam ang mga makapangyarihan na mga bansang Kanluranin at ano pa man panlabas na mga aktor dahil baka ito ay makakahadlang sa interes ng mga Pilipino. Halimbawa, ang ating mga isyu ay dapat maging internal dahil kung may ibang impluwensya baka masapawan lang ang mga ideya natin. Sa pantayong pananaw, tayo ay gagawa ng sariling paraan at daan, kapwa sa kapwa Pilipino. Kahit man may cultural divide tayong tinatawag na kung saan may dalawang banda- ang mga tumatangkilik ng katutubong kultura at ang mga naimpluwensyahan na ng mga kolonyal, ang pantayong pananaw ang siyang magbibigay daan sa dalawa para umusad ang bansa sa iisang direksyon. Halimbawa, bumabalik na naman tayo sa problema ng core at periphery na kung saan ang elite ng ating bansa ay kumakampi sa Western na kapitalistang sistema dahil sa kanilang sariling interest. Hindi nila namamalayan na itong sistemang ito ay nagbubuo ng mas malawak na agwat sa masa na nagiging “dispossessed”. Ito ay ang elite democracy na ating tinatawag na kung saan ang mga makapangyarihan ang naghahari sa demokrasya sa halip na ang tao ang dapat bigyang pansin.

Sa aking palagay, ang mga katutubong narratibong ito ay dapat maisagawa nating mga Pilipino. Ngunit “it’s easier said than done”. Ang Pilipinas ay may mataas na pagtingin sa mga internasyonal organisasyon o mga banyagang bansa. Hindi natin ito makakaila. Pagpunta palang ng US, dito kulang nalang sambahin natin ang inaapakan nila. Or di kaya kung tayo man ay tutulungan, kulang nalang ay magtatalon tayo sa tuwa. Bakit kailangan pa ng kanilang intervention? Tayo ay dependent sa kanila, ayaw man natin ito aminin. Tayo ay napaka-Westernized. Dapat ngayon mabaliktad na ang sitwasyon, ang mga katutubong narratibo ay dapat manguna sa halip ng mga Western ideas and thoughts. Kaya kung iaapply natin ang mga narratibong yan, mahihirapan tayo kaya’t kakailanganin natin ang tulong ng isa’t isa. Hindi lang sapat ang isang tao para makabuo ng sariling pamaaran at pagtangkilik ng ating kultura, kaya dapat ating isipin na tayong Pilipino ay magbuklod buklod at sabay maghatakan pataas. Gawin na nating itong “Pilipino mentality” at hindi na “crab mentality”. 



Finkler, K. (1994). Sacred healing and biomedicine compared. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 8(2), Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/648694

Politics of Identity: Kiko Rustia

“Embrace who you are because it will lead you to where you’re supposed to be”


“Embrace who you are because it will lead you to where you’re supposed to be”

Kiko Rustia and I share the same passion about travelling and exploring the Philippines. Judging by the photos above, I think I’ve had my fair share of adventures in the Philippines. The first picture was taken in La Union where I first learned how to surf. The second picture was taken in Mt. Pico de Loro where my boyfriend and I hiked. I also got to travel to Pagudpod, Mindoro, Ilocos, Bicol etc. although my travels are much more mild compared to his “wild escapades”. After hearing the talk, I feel like I could really relate to him. He told us that he feels free whenever he is in the mountains. I feel the same way too. Whenever I’m in a new place, I always get soooo excited. Ang aking ngiti ay abot hanggang tengga, sabi nga ng matatanda. Whereas new kids on the block call it being “stoked” which practically means the same thing- being exhilirated and excited. 
I easily get stoked especially when I get to travel to various places, explore their hidden treasures and famous attractions and most especially, when I am able to immerse myself with different cultures of the regions of the Philippines (this includes being friends with the locals). As Kiko has mentioned, the places are as imporant as the people who live in it. I can totally agree with this one. In LiwLiwa, San Felipe, Zambales, I have managed to have a special bond with the locals there. They taught me how to surf and  appreciate life’s simplicity. It’s amazing to see that they are so contented with what they have. In the morning, they do their chores and work. In the afternoon, they take a break and surf. At night, they prepare and eat their supper, sometimes they drink and after they get to bed to wake up at 5am the next day. Whereas, in Manila, everything is fast-paced and complicated. We use various technologies to keep us entertained and updated. We go to different shopping malls to shop for  things that we don’t even need. We go back to our house to find ourselves distracted by things on the television and Internet. We keep ourselves busy with the things that we shouldn’t even be worrying about- such as our clothes, gadgets and the likes.
Given this stark contrast of the island and the citylife, Kiko Rustia has also mentioned his experience of being judged. Boracay was the island where he first became who he is at present.  In the island, he can be whoever he wanted to be but still be respected for it. With this, he transformed himself into who he really wanted to be. He had embraced some of the philosophies of the Rastas in the island and had dreads. He had piercings and quite a number of bracelets. When he came back to the city life, he was judged by his family and friends. But after a while, he was accepted by his family, and later on society in general. 
So how does this apply to the culture and politics course? It is knowing your own identity. According to Kiko, we should all “embrace who you are because it will lead you to where you’re supposed to be”. For him, we should not be afraid to be judged. We shouldn’t be concerned with what other people think of us but rather focus on how many lives we’ve touched. This part of the talk tugged my heartstrings. I was always a victim of this. I always think of expectations of society, what is trending and what is “uso”. I realized that I shouldn’t bother with those expectations. Instead, I shall be comfortable in who I really am. Even if I change my looks, my identity is still there. What I’m trying to say is that identity is who you really are-kung sino ka talaga, kung ano talaga ang trip mo hindi kung ano ang suot at itsura mo. For Kiko, his self-expression for identity is his body and his distinct look, but what matters the most is what he is doing for the environment-saving it by making people know about its beauty. For me, my self-expression for identity is myself. Me. Hannah Viola. I need not change my clothes to more fashionable ones. I need not change my appearance for a mestiza look. Now, I am comfortable with myself. Instead of focusing my efforts into being someone I don’t really like, I should instead help touch people’s lives.
In class, we were taught to distinguish yourself to be able to know your politics. I think this talk opened my eyes in terms of knowing my politics. I realized that I care so much for nature and the environment that destroying it would be part of my guilt. I learned that I should take concrete steps in conserving the environment and help preserve the indigenous cultures of the various regions in the Philippines. In addition to this, I really like the fact that we are all moved by Kiko’s adventures. Everyone in class listened intently to his experiences in Batanes with the humpback whale and all. I happily realized that my feeling of being stoked with having adventures is shared by others.

Wednesday, March 9, 2011

Politics of the Body: The NAKED truth

 

Kapag may isang taong sumigaw, “May taong hubad or May naka-bold”!! Lahat lilingon at magsasabi ng, “SAAN?” We cannot deny the fact that nakedness catches attention. This is one of the reasons why a number of naked protests emerged to catch the attention of society, to make them listen to their cause or advocacy. According to Ms. Vener, apart from the reason of catching attention, protesters go naked because of their fundamental right, narrative desperation and transparency, and symbolic image of vulnerability. They protest naked because it is a form of resistance to the social control of the state. Moreover, their mere nakedness says that they are willing to be vulnerable and non-violent just to get their message across. Being naked is a narrative in which the personal (body) becomes political (social movements).
Posted above are two pictures and two videos of organizations which have different advocacies. The first one is an almost nude picture of Maggie Q posting for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals with the hope of stopping animal cruelty by being vegan. The second one is a picture of Greenpeace in which naked volunteers expressed the vulnerability of glaciers and human life in a warming world. In relation to this, the first video is by Greenpeace which talks about global warming; whereas the second video, also by Greenpeace, talks about F-gases. I posted these advertisements because I believe that these movements are comparable. 
According to the PETA website, their “mission is to get animal rights message to as many people as possible. They use colorful and "controversial" demonstrations and campaigns because they rely on getting free "advertising" through media coverage. Also, with the inclusion of celebrities in their campaign, their kind of advertising grabs headlines”. On the other hand, Greenpeace conducted “protest disrobing” in their campaign to stop global warming. In their website, Spencer Tunick compared the vulnerability of the naked bodies to the vulnerability of the global situation with global warming. “Without clothes, the human body is vulnerable, exposed, its life or death at the whim of the elements. Global warming is stripping away our glaciers and leaving our entire planet vulnerable to extreme weather, floods, sea-level rise, global decreases in carrying capacity and agricultural production, fresh water shortages, disease and mass human dislocations.”  In this light, I would like to say that the politics of the body is reflected more on the Greenpeace advocacies. According to Ms. Vener, the politics of the body is similar to protecting the motherland. In my interpretation, the motherland can be Mother Nature who is in need of protection. Moreover, it can be noted that in eco-feminism, the oppression and subordination of women are paralleled in the devastation and destruction of nature. Moreover, their naked body is a form of narrative which paints a canvass for politics. As mentioned earlier, it emphasized their vulnerable bodies on the vulnerable ground.   
Though both PETA and Greenpeace use naked protests to push their advocacies. PETA is different in a sense that they objectify the body. Instead of you knowing more about animal rights, you are drawn in on the almost naked picture of celebrities. The focus of the audience is drawn into the sexy pictures of men and women rather than on their advocacy itself. Moreover, the video that was shown to us really was ….WOW it was something. It was a video that practically screamed SEX SEX SEX. At the end of the video, it says that vegetarians have better sex. With this video, PETA is really trying to make people vegan at the expense of objectifying women. The PETA strategy is commodification and sexualization of the body.  In viewing this through feminist eyes, there is indeed a loss of intended meaning and the prevalent male gaze upon women. The male gaze happens when women are portrayed as commodities that help products get sold. Moreover, as Laura Mulvey puts it, “women are assigned the passive status of being looked-at, whereas men are the active subjects who look (Mulvey 1989)” This male gaze is evident in the video because it seemingly appeals more to the males. Since men are more sexually active, they are the main target of the video. The women are commodified as the agents to “sell” their advocacy. The heightened sensationalization of the media also adds to the scene.
At the end of the talk, we also talked about nakedness as empowering and liberating the body. The Indian naked protesters are examples of such movements. The naked movements such as PETA, the Indian movement and Greenpeace can be empowering or otherwise based on the social meanings attached to it. An empowering movement can be the Indian movement wherein they really rallied for their rights. The Greenpeace can also be an empowering movement in terms of calling the attention of the politicians to do something about climate change. PETA, on the other hand, is not empowering at all (most especially to women) since the social meaning attached to their nakedness is of commodification, objectification and sexualization. Like Ms. Vener has said, there is a need to understand the different layers of skin. There is a need to understand the different social meanings attached to the different natures and behaviors of various organizations that go naked for a cause.

References:
Korsmeyer, C. (2008). Feminist aesthetics. Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-aesthetics/

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals. (2011).

Why does PETA sometimes use nudity in its campaigns?. Retrieved from

Greenpeace. (2007).

600 strip naked on glacier in global warming protest. Retrieved from

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/naked-glacier-tunick-08182007/

Monday, March 7, 2011

Hybridity and Popularity











Travis Kraft: “Honorary Pinoy”

Hybridity is the bridging of different cultures. Travis Kraft, the Youtube Pinoy sensation, with his famous “Adodong Manok” video (in which he pronounced as ‘manak’) exactly did that. According to the interview in Adobo Nation, since he knew how to cook, he uploaded the Adobong Manok video to honor the Filipino culture, which he’s a big fan of, and the Filipino food, which he loves. Moreover, hybridity is the pattern of migration, both the movement of colonizers into the colonized area and immigration from the “colonies” to the “colonial power”. In this case, it is the movement of the “colonizer” (since he is part of the American nation) to the “colonized area” (the Philippines). In the interview, he is referred to an “honorary Pinoy citizen” since he is not naturalized though he identifies himself as a Pinoy. He is a hybrid identity in a sense that he moved to the Philippines and lived his life like a Pinoy. He even talked Pinoy, though his American accent is really apparent. He tries to immerse himself within the Filipino culture by actually cooking Filipino food such as Adobong Manok, Dinuguan and other well- known Filipino salo-salo dishes.

Given his hybrid identity, could it be possible that this is the reason why we find him interesting? With the incredulous amount of his Youtube hits, can his hybrid identity be the reason of his popularity? Because he is such, the media and the Internet as agents of socialization have put him under the limelight. As we live in a post-modern world, the increasing modes of information have increased his fame. Moreover,   as “traditional polar or dual categories are no longer valid in the context of a pluralism of subjectivities” , there is no I and Other in hybridity, but the concept of the third space which is the dialogue between the I and the Other. Lastly, his usage of our language produced a new social meaning which tells us of his want to fit in despite the said cultural barrier.



Critical Commentary 2: Post-colonialism

Para sa pangalawang komentarya, naisip kong sumulat sa Filipino, ang ating itinuturing pambansang wika, dahil sa aking palagay, ito ay naangkop sa texto ng post-colonialism. Gayun din, ako ay nagpapaumanhin kung ang aking pagsulat ng wikang Filipino ay hindi kasing tatas at kagiliwgiliw tulad ng ibang manunulat sa mga blog.

It is a painful remembering of the past, a putting together of the dismembered past to make sense of the trauma of the present (Bhaba, 1994, p.63)
 
 “And the day of oppression ceases, the new man is supposed to emerge before our eyes immediately. Now, I do not like to say so, but I must, since decolonization has demonstrated it: this is not the way it happens. The colonized man lives for a long time before we really see that new man” (Memmi, 1968, p.88)  
Ang mga berso iyan ay aking nakuha at natutunan sa aking elective klase ng post-colonialism and development. Nung una naming tinalakay ang post-colonialism, ako ay nagtaka kung ano ito. Ang alam ko lang dito ay marahil ito ay isang teorya na ginagamit para suriin ang nakaraang kaganapan sa kasaysayan. At nung nalaman ko ang kahulugan nito (nakalagay sa itaas), ako ay napaisip ng malalim. Lalo pa ng mabasa ko ang pangalawang berso na nakasaad muli sa itaas. Ako ay napabuntong hininga. Ang bumubulabog sa aking isipan ay ang nangyari sa Pilipinas noong nasa kamay pa tayo ng mga dayuhang Kastila at Amerikano. Di natin mapagkakaila na tayo’y isang bansang sinakop ng mga banyaga. Di rin natin mapagkakaila na dahil sa pagsakop na ito, tayong mga Pilipino ay labis na naapektohan sa lahat ng aspeto-economic, political, at cultural. Ang sabi nila ay pag-usad o development ang kanilang pakay, ngunit sinong nagsabi na tayo ay hindi umuusad? Sinong nagsabi na tayo ay may pangangailangan ng kanilang gabay? At bakit nga ba tayong itinuri na iba sa kanila, mga mabababang anyo? Dahil ba inihubog nila ang ating mga isipan? Ang mga katanungang ito ay nais kong masagot at mapalawak sa pamamagitan ng pagtingin sa ating kasaysayan upang maging daan sa pagintindi sa ating sitwasyon.

Tulad ng nasabi ni Bhaba, ako ay sumubok na lumakbay sa ating kasaysayan, nung kapanahunan ng bago dumating ang mga dayuhan, noong dumating na sila at pagkaalis nila para maintindihan ang konteksto ng mga problema ng lipunan noong araw para maintindihan ang ating kasalukuyang kalagayan. 
 
Noong unang dumating ang mga Kastila dito, laking gulat nila ng nakita nilang hubad ang mga Pilipino. Para sa ating kultura ng mga panahong iton, ang pagiging hubad ay hindi bastos. Sa isip nila siguro, hindi tayo sibilisado dahil hindi tayo marunong magsuot ng mga damit. Sa katunayan nga, ayon sa aking Kaspil 1 na klase, ang Pilipino ay may sistema na ng pamamalakad at pagkalakal bago pa man din mapadpad dito ang mga Kastila. Ang Pilipinas ay walang isang political unit dahil ito ay isang archipelago. Ngunit, meron naman tayong tinatawag na barangay na isang maituturing nating isang tipo ng political unit na nabibilang ang 30-100 na pamilya. Ang suparbaranggay naman ay mga malalaking barangay na nabibilang ang 500 na pamilya na kung saan malapit sila sa mga poste ng mga pangangalakal. Meron din silang mga rules at regulations, na ating pwedeng masabing primitive dahil sa “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” na gawain. Pero kahit ganito ang lagay nila dati, masasabing hindi totally primitive ang Pilipinas dahil may sense of order naman na namamayani. Sa puntong pangekonomiya naman, bago dumating ang mga Kastila,  an gating mga ninuno ay nakikipagkalakalan na sa mga Chinese Japanese, Indonesians, Malays, and Borneos.  Tayo daw ay nakipagpalit ng woven textiles sa mga Japon at Chinese at ang mga kahoy ay ipinalit natin sa mga Indones at Malay. Makikita dito na meron na tayong pagmanage ng ating mga natural na yaman at meron na tayong systema ng pangangalakal. Ang mga impormasyong ito ay aking binanggit para maidiin na meron naman tayong parte ng pagiging sibilisado sa ating sistema ng pamamalakad, sa stabilidad ng ekonomiya gamit ang pangangalakal atbp. Hindi sapat na dahilan na tayo ay sisihin sa ating pagiging “backward” na bansa. 

Noong panahon ng mga Kastila naman, ang laging mga salitang pumapaibabaw ay ang kanilang pagmamalabis at pagsamantala. Ang mga nobelang El Filibusterismo at Noli Me Tangere ay isinulat ni Rizal para masalamin ang mga karahasan at pagmamalupit ng mga Kastila noong panahong iyon. Kahit na ang mga gawang ito ay hindi postcolonial dahil ito ay sinulat sa wikang Kastila at dapat hindi talaga sa buong Pilipino ngunit sa mga nakakaintindi na mga Pilipino lang. Hindi rin ito post-kolonyal dahil si Rizal ay naimpluwensyahan mga mga banyagang pagiisip. Natalakay din namin ito sa klaseng post colonialism at development dahil sinasabing “ironic” ang pagkakaroon ng rebolusyon dahil ang mga ugat nito ay galling sa mga banyagang konteskto (e.g. French revolution) Dito rin umiiral ang “master and slave” na problema na kung saan ang master ay ipinakain ang ideya na ang alipin ay mas mababa o inferior. Nagkakarebulsyon daw kung may “slave consciousness” na tinatawag. Kaparehas ng mga nobela ni Rizal, sa Noli Me Tangere, iniisip nila na magkarebolusyon dahil sawa na ang mga Pilipino sa kalupitan ng mga Kastila. Sa El Filibusterismo naman matutugpuan ang Bapor Tabo ay nagsisilibing metaphor ng lipunan na kung saan ang mga nasa ibaba ay ang mga naghihirap na mga Filipino at ang mga nasa itaas ay ang mga Kastilang mapagsamantala. At hindi rin naman natin makakalimutan si Donya Victorina. Siya ay isang babaeng tinatawag na “social climber” dahil para lang siya ay ituring parang Kastila, pinangasawahan niya ang isang utal na matandang doctor na si Don Tiburcio. Ang kanyang karakter ay masasabing pinakamalala. Kung baga sa binary opposition na I at ang Other, ginagawa niya talaga ang lahat ng kanyang makakaya para maging I (Kastila). At noong siya naman ay nagaastang Kastila, binababaan niya ng tingin ang mga Pilipino kahit na siya ay Pilipino rin. Ang mentalidad niya ay nagsasabing siya ay Kastila ngunit sa katotohanan, ang mga Kastila ay ititunuring siyang isang “Other”.
Ang mga nabanggit ko ay mga halimbawa lamang ngunit sila pa rin ay mahalaga dahil sinasalamin nito ang pagkacolonize sa atin, ang pisikal at mental na pagsakop ng mga Kastila. Gayon pa man, ang mga Amerikano ay hindi naman nahuhuli sa listahan. Ang sabi nga nila, mas matindi pa daw ang ginawa sa atin ng mga Amerikano dahil nagawa nila tayong alipin o tuta sa loob ng mga tatlong dekada lamang. At kung tutuusin, mas malala pa nga ang kanilang ginawa dahil nacontrol nila ang mga isipan (neo-colonialism), at dahil dito, nagawa nila tayong pagsamantalahan. Ang mabibigay ko na halimbawa dito ay ang Bell Trade Act and the US Bases. Nagpapaumanhin ako dahil kailangan ko magsalita ng Ingles dahil mahirap isalin ang mga impormasyon na ito sa Filipino. 
            Ito ang Bell Trade Act:
The Bell Trade Act also provided the continuation the free trade (parity, and unlimited entry of American capital) for 5 years (1946-1954). Basically, all these policies strengthened free trade and prohibited the Philippine government from imposing tariffs or any other restrictions on American goods being exported in the Philippines. Such free trading arrangement flooded the Philippines with American manufactured goods, imported free of tariff and without any limits. This arrangement also reflects the colonial pattern of our economic structure: the Philippines as the exporter of raw materials and the consumer of imported manufacturers and goods. Through free trade (Bell Trade Act of 1946, the Floating Rate of 1970, and the IMF-WB-sponsored export oriented development plan under Martial Law), the Philippines was inhibited from building an indigenous heavy manufacturing capability. 
With this said, as the Philippines, an underdeveloped country, persuaded its economy on a free and open basis, it sets itself up for systematic spoliation by the advanced and industrialized economies. Our country was a captive market of the products of foreign manufacturers. And our open economy permitted the unlimited flight of capital made by the foreign and wealthy nationals. There is now an imbalance of our international account. Therefore, it is reflected in the debt trap that we experienced: as we import more than we export and we export more investment capital than we receive.

Ito naman ang pagsamantala sa ating US Bases.

The Military Bases Agreement of 1947 was an agreement between the United States and the Philippines in which the military bases are granted to the United States for a period of ninety nine years, with the right to retain the use, free of rent, of sixteen bases, an indeterminate number of cemeteries and historical sites, and the option to use seven other bases “as the United States determines to be required by military necessity”. This agreement involved more than 400,000 acres of land. The ninety nine period was subsequently reduced to twenty five years from 1966-1991.

            The military establishment of the Philippines was subject to the foreign control of the United States. The relationship of the Armed Forces of the United States and those of the Philippines were of superior and subordinate, between principal and agent, reflecting an imperialist relationship. Congressman Barbero, a member of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during 1968, even revealed that there are top-secret documents in which he described the “U.S. Dictation” over the affairs of the AFP. He pointed out that “the composition, capability and schedule of the development of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is under the effective control of the United States government”. This entails that the US doesn’t only control the quantity and types of arms but also the time made available to the AFP.

Sa sitwasyon ng mga Amerikano, hinayaan natin silang maghari sa ating bansa. May nalaman nga ako sa aking Kaspil 2 na klase na ang mga naunang presidente ay masasabing “tuta ng Kano” dahil sila ay sunod-sunuran sa mga layunin ng mga Amerikano. Ang mga sinasabing mga taong ito ay si Manuel Roxas (Military bases agreement) at si Ramon “My Guy” Magsasaysay. Maliban dito, ang “White Man’s Burden” ay kanilang ginagamit para majustify ang kanilang annexation sa Pilipinas. Ayon sa Benevolent Assimilation na gusto ipatupad ng mga Amerika sa Pilipinas, kailangan tayong gawing sibilisado, bigyan ng tamang edukasyon at pagagaanin ang sitwasyon ng bansa. Gusto daw nila tayong bigyan ng tamang edukasyon. Ngunit sinong  nagsabi na tayo ay kulang sa edukasyon? Sa unang banda, diba hindi rin naman tayo mga hindi sibilisado, na gaya noong nabanggit ko noong naunang mga argumento. Iniisip lang nila na dahil sila yung “civilized” at nakakaalam, meron na silang “right” para i-impose ang kanilang mga kagustuhan sa mga itinuturing nila na hindi “sibilisado” o basta hindi-Western na pag-iisip. At dahil dito, natatatak sa ating mga isipan na tayo ay mas mababang uri at ang mga puti ay nakakalamang. Dahil rin sa ganitong mentalidad tayo ay naaakit ng mga Amerikano.

Gamit ang lens ng post-colonialism, ang aking masasabi dito na base sa ating kasaysayan, tayo ay naging biktima ng control ng mga makapangyarihang mga dayuhan. Tayo rin ay biktima ng kanilang pag-aakit at nagresulta sa paghubog ng ating mga isipan sa kanilang layaw. Makikita dito sa mga halimbawa ang proseso ng “othering” at kolonyalismo na nagbibigay diin sa pagiging inferior ng mga sinakop ng mga dayuhan. Ang sabi nga sa klase, ang teorya ng post-colonialism ay “an examination of the impact and continuing legacy of the European conquest, colonization and domination of non-European lands, peoples and cultures”  Ito ay nagbibigay diin sa mga implikasyon ng inferiority na dinanas ng mga nasakop. Ayon nga kay Fanon, ang epekto ng colonialism ay nakakasama dahil sa sense of inferiority, divided sense of self, alienation from their own culture, at representational stereotypes. Di nalalayo ang ating pinagdaanan sa mga Blacks. Tayo naman ay may tinatawag na Brown Man at Woman, na  pawang mga subaltern din. Itinuturin nating mga nakakataas na uri ang mga puti kung ikukumpara natin sa kapwa nating kayumanggi. Dapat natin itangkilik ang sarili nating pananaw at kultura. Ayon kay Fanon, ito ay magagawa kung maibabalik natin ang ating kasaysayan na tayo ang nagsulat, at hindi ang mga banyaga. Dito, tayo ang bida at hindi sila. Maipapakita dito ang kultura na hindi tinitigan na mababang uri. Marapat na ang paghubog sa bagong “tayo” bilang mga Pilipino ay walang impluwensya ng mga makapangyarihang imperial. Hindi naman sa lagi tayong “against” sa kanila. Ang ibig ko lamang ipahiwatig na may mga katangitangi tayong mga pinagdaanan na hindi pinagdaan ng mga ibang bansa. Kaya dapat hindi natin kumpletong gayahin ang kanilang mga sistema ng pamamalakad. 

Sa ganito ding banda, ang konsepto ni Said ay maaring rin magamit. Ayon sa kanya, ang Orient ay “Other” ng Occident (Kanluran). Ang kanluraning mga pananaw ay itinuturing mas naghahari at nangingibabaw dahil ito ay nagsisilbing pang-“counter” na nagdidikta para masupil ang negatibong katangian ng kultura ng Silangan. Ang nasabing negatibong kaugalian ng mga Pilipino ay ang kanilang katamaran (Indolence of the Filipinos, Juan Tamad). Ngunit sa kabilang banda, ang mga Pilipino ay masisipag at matiyaga dahil lahat ay kinakaya para lamang sa kinabukasan ng pamilya. Umiiral din dito ang kanilang pagiging matiiisin para magtrabaho ng walang humapay para umahon sa kahirapan ang kanilang pamilya.  Aking masasabi na hindi dapat lahat ng interepretasyon ng Kanluran sa Silangan ay negatibo dahil ang Silangan din ay merong mga gawain at panananaw na kanais-nais rin. 

Sa kasalukyan na sitwasyon, tayo ay nabubulag parin ng neokolonyalismo. Ang “American Dream” ay natin maisakatuparan. Ngunit ang ganitong pagiisip ay nagkakaroon ng implications ng inferiority sa atin. Bakit ba natin nais mangibang bansa? Dahil mas maganda at giginhawa ang buhay natin dun? Dahil ba mas may pera doon? Tayo ay nabubulag dahil gusto natin mapabahagi sa hegemonic culture ng Kanluran. Hindi natin namamalayan na tayo rin ay nasa ilalim ng kanilang makapangyarihang impluwensya. Naiisip natin na dapat maging parang ganun din ang ating bansa. Sa ating pananamit, pamamalakad, at pananaw, may “desire” sa atin na maging tulad nila. Ngunit marapat natin isipin na dapat tumangkilik ng sariling atin. Ang mga dahilan kung bakit umusad ang ekonomiya ng China, Malaysia at iba pang mga Asyanong bansa ay dahil hindi nila “totally” or kumpletong inadapt ang Kanluraning modes of development. Kumuha sila ng katangi-tanging aspeto ng kanilang kultura at pinagsama nila sa natutunan nila sa Kanluran. Sa Pilipinas, parang nais natin gayahin lahat ng aspeto ng Kanluran. Nakakalimutan na natin maglagay ng sariling atin. Kailangan parin ng indigenization. Dapat natin isipin na ang “I” (West) ay nandyan lamang pero kailangan nating maging sensitibo na paghiram ng mga Kanluraning ideya. Sa teoryang post-kolonyal, meron na tayong kapalidad na i-“reconstruct” an gating identidad at pagkatao. Huwag na natin sayangin ang pagkakataon na tayo ay hindi maituring “backward” at “inferior”. 

Sources:


Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaii(2001). American Designs and the Benevolent Assimilation. 
Retrieved from http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/benevolent.html

Leela Ghandi, 1998. “After Colonialism” & “Thinking Otherwise: A Brief Intellectual History” in PostColonial Theory: A critical introduction. NY: Columbia University Press. P1-41

Castro, P.A. (1947). Agreements on US military facilities in Philippine military bases.

Lichauco, A. (1973). The Lichauco paper: imperialism in the Philippines. New York: Monthly Review Press

Constantino, R. (1978). The Philippines: the continuing past. Quezon City, Philippines: Foundation for Nationalist Studies.

Monday, February 21, 2011

Critical Commentary 1: Theories from the West

What comes into your head whenever you hear the word-Western thought or Western theories? Some may associate it to the theories of “dead white men”, but many, if not all, may associate it to the logical and rational way of thinking. Logic and rationality seem to have been the modes of thinking of the scholars of Western thought. As said by our previous professors, the age of enlightenment brought about positivism in such a way that science has dominated nature. Man is now the center and not God, as highlighted by the Dark Ages, a period that emerged before the Enlightenment. From then on, science became an ideology, a set of values and beliefs, which created a culture to favor reason over faith. In relating this to Marx, ideology created false consciousness within the working class. He further said that “religion is the opium of the masses”. He said this because they operate based on their ideology which allows them to see blindly of their situation. It is much like the camera obscura, where there is a tendency to see things differently and distort reality (inversion). Furthermore, as Marx argued that there will come a time when the proletariat class will propagate a socialist revolution against the bourgeoisie. This, however, did not transpire due to capitalism, which in turn created an ideology, which was the driving force of class consciousness. With capitalism, the proletariats realized that capitalism was inevitable and therefore, succumbed to it.  Based on the things that I wrote previously, ideology was the main factor of change. Ideology operates in shaping our belief systems, and constructing something of value. And in this ideology, culture plays a vital role in terms of its formation and influence. And as we further engross in the theories of Western theories, by taking a look on how ideology operates, from the ideological perspective, you can use this as a lens to see how culture, as a set of customs, traditions and basically the way you live your life, unfold since they are both products of societal forces at play. Also, you can see the role of ideology changes over time, for instance, in the Classical Marxist argument, ideology reproduces the present economic and political set-ups and is produced in high culture in earlier Marxist cultural theory; whereas in late capitalism, ideology is no longer a clear-cut text and is produced in popular culture in later Marxist cultural theory. This transformation has caused me to think why there is such a 360 degrees change in terms of the way ideology has evolved, particularly in the cultural theories of early and late Marxists thought. Maybe there was a crucial diverging point in history that may have caused one to address the needs of time in terms of how the phases of postmodernism and late capitalism took place which replaced the old way of doing things.
Western Marxism scholars such as Gramsci, Lukacs, and the Frankfurt school emphasized their ideology of class domination in the culture and the culture industry. Gramsci, for instance, used the hegemonic culture to refer to the consent of the oppressed or for some, to create its own “common sense” to be able to control the minds of the people. For Lukacs, it is the manipulation of class consciousness, whereas for the Frankfurt School, domination is seen as reification (treating one as an object). The Frankfurt School further explains the culture industry in which culture is commodified in terms of how the mass media and entertainment produce cultural commodities which manipulate people’s consciousness. At present, a perfect example of this can be the fashion industry wherein the trends all over the world are sold the same. Why you ask? It’s because they are advertised by the mass media to make you think that these are nice. The industry is manufactured to make you think that             wearing otherwise can be considered deviant.  In school, people wear the same things. The trending fashion now for skirts is the fitted skirt and hanging tops. For men, it is hanging pants and espadrille shoes. It is even commodified to a point that people copy it. For instance, Converse or Chucks is the famous shoes during my time when I was in high school. Through the influence of mass media, other shoes have emerged copying the style of Converse. Another example can be the Louis Vuitton bags, culture has been so commodified to the point that Louis Vuitton bags are deemed to be for the elite only. Even though, you have Hermes and Aranaz bags, which are also expensive, the masses may think that they are not for the elite because these aren’t what they see on television. For the beauty industry, from the range of beauty products, they seem to have this underlying message, “to be fair and thin is to be normal” All the Calayan and the Belo products seem to shape what is normal and not, people want to be like the celebrities who have fair skin. It’s because mass media has heightened their “desire” so to speak. These are just manifestations of how the mass media and entertainment can manufacture culture like products that can be “bought” to get what they desire. With this, it is safe agree with Marcuse and Adorno (Frankfurt School) that there is ideological and cultural manipulation, which all makes us think in a certain way, which has led culture to become popular culture which has become a powerful ideology for domination.
 On the other hand, Benjamin and the later generation of the Frankfurt school added another dimension to popular culture. If before, the popular culture was dominated by the culture industries and the elites, now, the popular culture can have liberating effects. An example of this can be the jejemon language that we know of today. Through the use of their language, they are unfettered. The culture that has been manipulated by the mass media now becomes a venue for a “new culture” that has been produced. As previously mentioned, Marx believed in the ability of ideology to invert and distort reality. But because of late capitalism, there emerged a new way of thinking. Late Capitalism is when “Ideology is no longer a clear-cut text, but becomes an everyday experience manifested in popular culture”. In the old version of Marxism, culture is controlled by the dominant class and whereby culture is affirmative. In late capitalism, culture can serve as a venue for resistance. If there was hegemony then, there is counter hegemony at present. For instance, in my previous blog, I related hegemony and counter hegemony by using the Rastafarian movement. The Rastafarian movement in Africa and Jamaica served as a counter hegemony against the European colonial powers. And as highlighted, ideology is manifested in the popular culture. The popular culture that the Rastas had is their music, particularly reggae music which kept the morals of the black high when they are enslaved by the domineering whites. Through this we can see that main purpose of the ideology critique to deconstruct and demystify the dominance and hegemony in everyday life. In the Philippine setting, we can deconstruct and demystify the dominant and typical in Filipino movies. Instead of having love stories and happy endings, why not take another approach to it- just like what Metanoia RPG did. Or we can have less dramatic telenovelas like I love You Pare. Or if we have a dominant way of thinking like the West, then we must be able to deconstruct it to our Filipino way of thinking. Moreover, as we move on to late capitalism, there is a decrease in public ideologies such as religion and an increase in popular culture in people’s lives. If the earlier Marxist cultural theorists (Lukacs, Gramsci, Goldman and the first generation of the Frankfurt School) argued about the Church and religion and, the new Marxists argue about popular culture in people’s lives. If the earlier Marxists concentrated on high culture, the later cultural Marxists concentrated on popular culture. If the earlier Marxist have ideological issues about domination, the later generation of the Frankfurt school, Benjamin and later cultural studies have non-elitist cultural view about popular culture, as a critical venue for resistance and intelligence. In this juxtaposition of the earlier view of Marxist cultural theory and its latter view, there are contributing factors that led to this change such as the changing roles of ideology, culture, the period in which culture has shaped the generation, class consciousness and changing roles of people and their behavior.
Another theory that I would like to tackle is about feminism. As a female, I would like to assert my rights as an individual devoid of any prejudice. It is the time for the women to speak since they have been silenced for so many years. The silence of the women for a long period of time has its consequences, particularly the prevalence of the patriarch state of the society. I am a victim of this since the society that I live in is built on such gendered ideas. Alex, Vanessa and my groupmates realized this when we were in doing a report in Dr. Carsi Cruz’s class. We were so proud that we analyzed the “Politics of the Banana” in such a logical and rational manner. But the fact that logic and rationality is founded much on the Western ideas by men is such a bad way to analyze the complexity of the feminist ideas. As men and women narrate the world differently, our group didn’t realize that we were using the narration and the framework of men to analyze the narration of women. We didn’t make the invisible visible. We just merely touched the surface. In this aspect, we were never raised up knowing the true essence of feminist ideas. That is why I think it is essential to take “herstories” and the feminist cultural studies into consideration, not only because they are interesting and liberating but rather they offer a different take on things. Since I am also a woman, who is also judged by the society, I think it is important for me to imbibe these theories in my thoughts and in my actions.